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Models that run on 32 GB

986 models with published weights that fit in 32 GB — a well-specified laptop. Counted at four-bit quantisation, weights only, leaving the machine about a third of its memory and a gigabyte for context: room for roughly 33 billion parameters. A mixture of experts is counted in full, because it is held in full even though only a few experts compute. 986 in all, a hundred to a page; this is page 5 of 10.

Enough for a thirty-billion-parameter model at four-bit with a long context, or a smaller one at higher precision if quality matters more than size. A practical ceiling for a laptop that also has to be a laptop.